NATO's first drone battle pits million-dollar jets against cheap drones, exposing vulnerabilities

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TALLINN, Estonia (AP) — For more than three years, Ukraine has waged an almost nightly battle against Russian attack drones. NATO on Wednesday got a taste of that fight.

Polish authorities said they detected 19 violations of their airspace, prompting a million-dollar response as fighter jets were scrambled and Patriot air defense systems placed on alert. Up to four drones were shot down with the help of NATO allies.

The incursion, which lasted for several hours, showed NATO's vulnerability to drone warfare. Russian authorities said they didn’t target Poland, and Belarus, a close ally of Moscow, said some of the drones “lost their course” because they were jammed. Nonetheless, several European leaders and experts said Poland was deliberately targeted.

If one or two drones crossed into Polish airspace, it could have been a “technical malfunction,” but it “defies imagination that it could have been accidental” when there were 19, Poland's Foreign Minister Radek Sikorski said.

While proving intent is difficult, "to have several to lose their way is starting to look rather deliberate,” agreed Thomas Withington, an expert in electronic warfare at the Royal United Services Institute in London.

A goal, he suggested, could have been to test NATO's reaction and ability to respond to drones.

Since January, Russia has fired at least 35,698 attack drones at Ukraine, according to an Associated Press analysis of data from the Ukrainian air force.

Polish airspace has been violated multiple times since the beginning of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. Fragments from Ukrainian missiles killed two people in Poland in 2023, while drones have strayed into Poland, Romana and Moldova as well as the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

But until Wednesday, no NATO country had sustained multiple incursions into its airspace. It was the first time NATO airpower was engaged against enemy targets inside a NATO country.

Drone fragments were found about 554 kilometers (344 miles) into Polish territory — deeper than any previous incursion.

Much remains unclear, and for now, NATO has remained cautious. “We do not yet know if this was an intentional act or an unintentional act,” said U.S. Gen. Alexus Grynkewich, NATO’s supreme allied commander Europe. He added that even the number of drones has yet to be confirmed.

It's difficult "without hard evidence,” to say if Moscow really intended to fly the drones into Poland, said Ash Alexander-Cooper, a former specialist military commander and vice president at Dedrone by Axon, which makes technology to detect and neutralize drones.

But, based on what is known about Russian drones and how they respond to electronic warfare, the experts who spoke to AP said it was highly possible the incursions were deliberate.

There are two key ways to neutralize most drones: Shoot them down or interfere with their signals.

Jamming and spoofing are the main ways to do signals interference. Jamming severs the drone's connection with a satellite navigation system, whereas spoofing tricks the drone into thinking it is somewhere else.

If the drone were jammed — either by Ukraine or Poland — it would either land or fly back toward its point of origin in Russia or Belarus, Withington said. If it were spoofed, it could fly off course, crash or land.

If the drone were spoofed, trying to jam it could actually “make the problem worse,” said Alexander-Cooper. Jamming a drone normally sends it home, but Russia is now programming some drones so that their “home” is actually their target. If satellite communications are cut, the drones continue toward their targets.

Military drones also have inertial navigation units, which use previous position fixes and gyroscopes to mark the drone’s position relative to the earth so that it can keep flying without satellite or radio signals.

In that case, the drones could only have penetrated deep into Polish airspace if Russia had given them a targeted “mission," Withington said.

Russian attack drones — known as Shaheds — are “hard to disrupt” electronically, Alexander-Cooper said, which is why NATO scrambled jets to take them down.

F-35 and F-16 fighter jets and Black Hawk helicopters were deployed, as well as Soviet-designed MI-24 and MI-17 helicopters, the Polish Defense Ministry said. German Patriot missile defense systems in Poland also were placed on alert.

The response, Alexander-Cooper suggested, was economically disproportionate to the threat.

“Firing million-dollar missiles ... is not an economical model that can be sustained" against drones that cost tens of thousands of dollars, he said.

Gen. Wiesław Kukuła, general commander of the Polish armed forces, told Polish television the cost was beside the point. “What matters is the value of what this drone can destroy. If it’s a Polish life, it has no price,” he said.

Lt. Gen. Andrus Merilo, commander of the Estonian armed forces, told AP it's important to look at “what kind of targets we are defending,” rather than what's attacking them. The drones may be cheap, but the cost of a missile to repel them may be far outweighed by the damage they can do.

If faced with drone swarms like those in Ukraine, there would not be “enough aircraft within the NATO fleet ... with enough missiles or enough interceptors to do the job," said Alexander-Cooper. It would also require putting fighter jet pilots — who are in limited supply and expensive to train — in harm's way, he said.

Both Russia and Ukraine have rapidly developed new drones, technology and tactics.

Since 2024, Russia has mixed decoy drones with no payload among armed Shaheds in order to overwhelm Ukrainian air defenses, which cannot easily distinguish between the two.

Russia also has the ability to connect a chain of drones together to bounce a signal to extend another drone's range, said Fabian Hinz at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London.

In June, Ukraine used drones flown from trucks to strike million-dollar Russian warplanes deep inside the country, during Operation Spiderweb. Ukraine's security service said it used artificial intelligence to partly pilot the drones along a planned route in the event they lost signal.

On the front lines, both Russia and Ukraine use fiber optic drones for surveillance and strikes. They are impossible to interfere with electronically as they are connected to the operator by a long, thin fiber optic cable.

Each night, Ukraine shoots down most Russian attack drones, according to data from its air force, but even one or two can do serious damage.

After Wednesday's incursion, Polish authorities said drone fragments were found at 16 locations. This could indicate that several drones escaped.

That some of the drones flew so far into Polish airspace is an indication that “perhaps somewhere the detection capability was lacking,” Withington said.

Current NATO air defenses are largely set up to detect and neutralize fast-moving targets like cruise and ballistic missiles, Withington said. They are not designed to track small drones, often made from fiberglass or plastic, which don’t reflect radar waves in the same way as a metal missile, he said.

Sikorski said Wednesday that Poland needed a drone wall and “new techniques” to repel a mass attack.

Nobody was killed, and so it would be wrong to suggest NATO's response was a “failure,” Withington said. But, “it could have been far more serious. My concern is next time it might be.”

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Associated Press journalists Jamey Keaten in Geneva, Switzerland, Claudia Ciobanu in Warsaw, Poland and Lydia Doye in London contributed to this report.